10 Best Carpet Cleaner

Tired of dirty carpets? Say hello to clean with our top-rated carpet cleaners! Our comparison will help you find the perfect fit for your home.

Top-rated Carpet Cleaner Comparison

1

Best Overall
Shark StainStriker Carpet & Upholstery Cleaner, Nordic Blue
Effective on tough pet stains and odors.
Comes with four versatile attachments.
Compact and easy to store.
9.9

(5,706 reviews)

Ranking details

6K+ bought in past month

available_at_amazon
Shark StainStriker Carpet & Upholstery Cleaner, Nordic Blue
9.9

(5,706 reviews)

Effective on tough pet stains and odors.
Comes with four versatile attachments.
Compact and easy to store.

6K+ bought in past month

available_at_amazon

2

Tineco Carpet One Spot Cleaner DualHeat
Efficient DualHeat technology for deeper cleaning.
Easy-to-use design with intuitive controls.
Compact size for convenient storage and portability.
9.7

Ranking details

$50 Coupon

Tineco Carpet One Spot Cleaner DualHeat
9.7

$50 Coupon

Efficient DualHeat technology for deeper cleaning.
Easy-to-use design with intuitive controls.
Compact size for convenient storage and portability.

3

Dreame N20 Steam Carpet & Upholstery Cleaner
Effective steam and hot water cleaning.
Powerful 17Kpa suction for deep cleaning.
Convenient auto-mix solution feature.
9.4

(419 reviews)

Ranking details
Dreame N20 Steam Carpet & Upholstery Cleaner
9.4

(419 reviews)

Effective steam and hot water cleaning.
Powerful 17Kpa suction for deep cleaning.
Convenient auto-mix solution feature.

4

Popular
Bissell Little Green Portable Carpet Cleaner 1400B
Compact design for easy storage and portability.
Powerful suction removes deep stains effectively.
Comes with specialized tools for detailed cleaning.
9.3

(94,685 reviews)

Ranking details
Bissell Little Green Portable Carpet Cleaner 1400B
9.3

(94,685 reviews)

Compact design for easy storage and portability.
Powerful suction removes deep stains effectively.
Comes with specialized tools for detailed cleaning.

5

Eureka PowerSpeed Lightweight Upright Vacuum Cleaner
Lightweight design for easy maneuverability.
Strong suction for deep carpet cleaning.
Adjustable height for various floor types.
9.0

(18,064 reviews)

Ranking details

11% off

Eureka PowerSpeed Lightweight Upright Vacuum Cleaner
9.0

(18,064 reviews)

11% off

Lightweight design for easy maneuverability.
Strong suction for deep carpet cleaning.
Adjustable height for various floor types.

6

Hot Deal
Shark NV360 Navigator Lift-Away Deluxe Vacuum
Large dust cup reduces frequent emptying.
HEPA filter captures allergens effectively.
Swivel steering improves maneuverability.
8.8

(55,101 reviews)

Ranking details

38% off

Shark NV360 Navigator Lift-Away Deluxe Vacuum
8.8

(55,101 reviews)

38% off

Large dust cup reduces frequent emptying.
HEPA filter captures allergens effectively.
Swivel steering improves maneuverability.

7

Eureka Airspeed Ultra-Lightweight Vacuum Cleaner, Green
Lightweight design, easy to maneuver.
Effective on both carpets and hard floors.
Comes with a replacement filter.
8.7

(29,953 reviews)

Ranking details
Eureka Airspeed Ultra-Lightweight Vacuum Cleaner, Green
8.7

(29,953 reviews)

Lightweight design, easy to maneuver.
Effective on both carpets and hard floors.
Comes with a replacement filter.

8

Uwant Carpet Cleaner Machine 18Kpa Portable
Strong 18Kpa suction for deep cleaning.
Portable design for easy maneuverability.
Self-cleaning feature simplifies maintenance.
8.4

(545 reviews)

Ranking details
Uwant Carpet Cleaner Machine 18Kpa Portable
8.4

(545 reviews)

Strong 18Kpa suction for deep cleaning.
Portable design for easy maneuverability.
Self-cleaning feature simplifies maintenance.

9

LEVOIT Cordless Vacuum Cleaner, Tangle-Resistant, 50 Min Runtime
Long battery life up to 50 minutes.
Tangle-resistant design for hassle-free cleaning.
Lightweight and versatile for various surfaces.
8.2

(14,359 reviews)

Ranking details

30% off

LEVOIT Cordless Vacuum Cleaner, Tangle-Resistant, 50 Min Runtime
8.2

(14,359 reviews)

30% off

Long battery life up to 50 minutes.
Tangle-resistant design for hassle-free cleaning.
Lightweight and versatile for various surfaces.

10

Best Affordable
Labigo Carpet & Upholstery Cleaner 18Kpa
Effective deep stain removal with 18Kpa suction.
Convenient self-cleaning feature for easy maintenance.
Versatile tools for various cleaning needs.
7.9

(3,016 reviews)

Ranking details

14% off

Labigo Carpet & Upholstery Cleaner 18Kpa
7.9

(3,016 reviews)

14% off

Effective deep stain removal with 18Kpa suction.
Convenient self-cleaning feature for easy maintenance.
Versatile tools for various cleaning needs.

Overview

A carpet cleaner applies water and cleaning solution, agitates carpet or upholstery fibers, and extracts the resulting dirty liquid. Some products in this category are portable spot extractors; others are upright washers for larger carpeted areas. Dry vacuums and steam mops may appear alongside them, but they do not perform the same job: a dry vacuum does not rinse or recover liquid, while a steam mop loosens soil with vapor and a cloth rather than extracting dirty water.

Whether a cleaner works depends less on suction, wattage, tank size, or a claimed temperature than on verified soil removal, residue removal, and liquid extraction. The strongest performance evidence supplied here is an applicable independent laboratory result identifying the exact product. A Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) Seal of Approval record is another useful checkpoint. CRI Test Method 120 and related equipment or solution protocols evaluate cleaning under standardized conditions. A manufacturer-published third-party laboratory report is meaningful only when it identifies the exact model, carpet type, soil load, application amount, extraction method, and results. Claims such as “18 kPa,” “17,000 Pa,” “deep cleaning,” or “fast drying” do not establish comparable carpet performance by themselves.

Certification must also be traceable to the exact product or formula. For powered wet-use equipment, check the relevant UL Product iQ, Intertek ETL, or CSA listing, with the certifier recognized through OSHA’s Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory program. For cleaning solutions, EPA Safer Choice is relevant when the exact formula appears in its certified-product database. Antimicrobial, sanitizing, disinfecting, or similar claims require special care: the product label and EPA Pesticide Product and Label System record should support the claim where registration is required. A broad “antibacterial” or “pet-safe” phrase is not equivalent to tested efficacy or regulatory registration.

A useful machine should also make dirty-water handling practical. Look for removable tanks, accessible float or filter areas, rinseable nozzles and brushes, hose-flushing instructions, and explicit drying steps. A self-cleaning cycle is helpful, but it does not replace emptying, rinsing, and drying the contaminated parts. Carpet protection depends on following the textile maker’s care instructions, testing for colorfastness, using the correct dilution, avoiding excessive dwell time or wetting, and respecting limits for wool, silk, Berber, delicate upholstery, unstable dyes, and adhesive-backed materials.

Headline drying numbers can mislead when test conditions are missing. A stated “30-minute” or “20-minute” result is not independently comparable unless the review identifies carpet type, humidity, application volume, extraction procedure, and measured residual moisture or dry time. Tank capacity and cord length indicate convenience, not cleaning area or resource efficiency. A solution’s environmental profile likewise depends on disclosed ingredients, dilution, coverage, packaging, and disposal guidance not simply on words such as “natural,” “biodegradable,” or “green.”

Recurring caveats in the supplied products are substantial. Most machines lacked current exact-model CRI, UL, ETL, CSA, or comparable certification records, and most lacked independent soil-removal or measured drying reports. Wet cleaners require prompt dirty-tank emptying, rinsing, hose or tool cleaning, and complete drying to limit odor, retained water, and re-soiling. Several supplied formulas were fragranced, eye or skin irritants, incompletely disclosed, or lacking a current Safety Data Sheet; formula exposure also matters around children, pets, and sensitive users. Do not use a wet cleaner on restricted textiles without approval, and do not use dry vacuums or steam mops to pick up liquid. One supplied product’s manual specified 220–224 V input, making it unsuitable for ordinary US use unless the correct version and safe electrical arrangement are confirmed.

Integrity

These topics distinguish a carpet cleaner that merely operates from one that offers more support for health, textile care, resource use, and verifiable claims. The supplied scores are comparative signals from the reviewed evidence; they do not turn an unverified claim into a proven result.

EEvidence

Verified Cleaning Performance

This measures removal of standardized embedded soil and cleaning residue, not suction, wattage, brush count, or marketing language. A high score requires applicable independent testing, such as an exact-product CRI record or a full third-party report identifying method and results. Among the supplied products, the standout was the Hoover PowerDash Pet, whose Consumer Reports testing rated carpet cleaning and solution extraction very good; most others lacked comparable results.

Independent Safety and Quality Verification

This measures whether the exact model or formula appears in a credible current certification record, rather than relying on brand-level claims. Relevant records include CRI, EPA Safer Choice, UL Product iQ, ETL, CSA, and EPA pesticide registration when applicable. Higher scores reflected traceable product or formula records; lower scores reflected missing exact-model matches. A retail “UL rated” statement is not enough without issuer confirmation.

Honest Claims and Proper Registration

This measures whether stain, odor, pet-safe, antimicrobial, disinfecting, sanitizing, and environmental claims are specific, qualified, and supported. Higher scores reflected narrower claims tied to available evidence; lower scores included broad or unsupported efficacy language. The supplied reviews repeatedly showed that “antibacterial,” “sanitizing,” “deep cleaning,” and “fast drying” can exceed the located evidence. Pesticide-like claims require checking EPA registration and labeling.

HHealth & Safety

Ingredient and Exposure Transparency

This measures whether a solution identifies ingredients, fragrance, hazards, dilution, first aid, and use limits. It matters because carpet, upholstery, children, pets, and damp fabrics can prolong contact. Higher-scoring examples included accessible ingredient lists and Safety Data Sheets; lower-scoring machines supplied formulas without located ingredient or hazard disclosures. A disclosed formula can still be an eye or skin irritant.

Electrical Safety Around Water

This measures safeguards against shock, overheating, leaks, and cord damage when a powered cleaner handles liquid. Buyers should look for exact-model UL, ETL, or CSA traceability, grounded-use instructions, leak precautions, and recall checks. Higher scores reflected documented wet-use instructions or thermal protections; lower scores reflected missing North American certification records. Certification uncertainty is especially important for powered extractors.

Dirty-Water Hygiene

This measures whether tanks, hoses, nozzles, brushes, and filters can be emptied, rinsed, dried, and accessed without trapping contaminated water. It matters because retained liquid can contribute to odor, microbial growth, leaks, and re-soiling. Higher-scoring products documented removable parts, hose flushing, and drying procedures; lower scores offered less access or less complete maintenance guidance. No cleaning cycle removes the need for post-use drying.

Carpet and Upholstery Protection

This measures protection against color loss, texture damage, excessive wetting, sticky residue, and warranty-threatening use. Stronger support includes CRI or WoolSafe evidence, textile-maker compatibility, and clear pH, dilution, dwell-time, and fabric restrictions. Higher scores in the set reflected explicit safeguards or compatible formulas; lower scores lacked independent fiber evidence. Hidden-area testing and the textile maker’s instructions remain necessary.

Fast, Controlled Drying

This measures extraction and controls that limit leftover moisture after cleaning. Prolonged dampness can promote odor, microbial growth, or backing damage, especially in upholstery and padded carpet. Higher scores included independent solution-extraction evidence or clear dry-use designs; lower scores relied on manufacturer claims without carpet type or test conditions. A dry vacuum avoids wet-cleaning moisture but cannot remove stains or cleaning residue.

EEcology

Water, Energy, and Solution Efficiency

This measures cleaning area per unit of water, electricity, and concentrate while maintaining soil removal. Relevant details include tank capacity, dilution, runtime, coverage, and independent performance or energy testing. Higher scores reflected dry-only designs, measured or documented dosing, or reusable components; lower scores lacked coverage or consumption data. Large tanks and high suction do not by themselves show efficient cleaning.

Safer Wastewater Chemistry

This measures whether solution ingredients are disclosed and screened for aquatic toxicity, persistence, phosphorus, and problematic solvents, with disposal guidance. It matters because extracted solution and rinsing water can enter wastewater. Higher scores included ingredient and hazard disclosures or safer-chemistry review; lower scores involved undisclosed formulas, fragrance, or aquatic warnings. EPA Safer Choice certification applies only when the exact formula is listed.

Long-Service Design

This measures whether pumps, hoses, tanks, brushes, filters, seals, batteries, and other parts can remain usable through maintenance or replacement. Higher-scoring products had model-specific parts catalogs, replaceable batteries or tanks, repair instructions, and longer warranty support. Lower scores lacked parts, service information, or take-back details. Available replacement parts reduce premature waste, but excluded wear items still create ownership costs and waste.

Full reviews

Shark StainStriker Carpet & Upholstery Cleaner, Nordic Blue
#1 - Best Overall

Shark StainStriker Carpet & Upholstery Cleaner, Nordic Blue

Buyer Score 99/100Integrity Score 70/100Shark

Overview

This is a corded, portable spot extractor for carpets, area rugs, upholstery, stairs, vehicles, and localized pet messes. It uses a spray, scrub, and extraction routine, with a 3.5-inch tool, 7-inch tool, crevice tool, and pet-mess tool. The shared product manual specifies a grounded 120-volt supply and 3.3-amp draw, while the manufacturer lists the closely related portable StainStriker at 450 watts and 8.51 pounds. Its defining system is two separate liquids that mix at the hand tool. The manufacturer states that Deep Clean Pro and OXY Multiplier activate on contact, but no independent cleaning report, measured dry-time report, or current CRI Seal of Approval record was located for this product. The manual does document a water-only rinse option, controlled spraying to limit drying time, and post-use cleaning steps for the dirty-water path.

What works

  • The manual provides unusually concrete cleaning hygiene steps, including rinsing the dirty-water filter, clearing the hose access door, and air-drying accessories.
  • The pet-mess tool is designed to keep collected liquid and debris out of the main cleaner interior when used within its fill limit.
  • A water-only rinse pass is specifically documented, which can help remove remaining solution after stain treatment.
  • The product has a three-year limited warranty, and the manual states that replacement wear parts can be purchased.
  • The manufacturer publishes ingredient lists and safety data sheets for both included cleaning formulas.

What does not

  • No independent soil-removal, residue-removal, or drying-time result was located for this product, so cleaning performance remains unverified.
  • No current CRI equipment or solution certification, EPA Safer Choice listing, or traceable UL or ETL listing was located for this exact product.
  • Deep Clean Pro is classified in its safety data sheet as causing skin irritation and serious eye irritation. It also contains fragrance and proprietary ingredients.
  • The OXY formula contains 3 to 7 percent hydrogen peroxide. Its safety sheet directs users to avoid release to drains or waterways and reports aquatic toxicity data for hydrogen peroxide.
  • The manual warns that overspraying extends dry time, and the product is intended for localized cleaning rather than whole-room extraction.

Who is it for

This product suits a household that needs a compact, plug-in extractor for small spills, upholstery marks, vehicle seats, stairs, and occasional pet accidents. It is most appropriate for users willing to follow a rinse, empty, rinse-again, and air-dry routine after every use. The removable pet-mess cup is particularly relevant where wet debris must be collected before it reaches the hose. It also suits someone who values a documented three-year limited warranty and available wear-part replacements.

Who is it not for

It is not well suited to anyone needing independently verified deep-cleaning results for large carpeted rooms, carpet-warranty-sensitive installations, wool or delicate upholstery, or a documented quick-dry outcome. Avoid relying on it where fragrance sensitivity, eye or skin sensitivity, or unsupervised access by children or pets makes concentrated cleaning liquids difficult to manage. It is also a poor fit for users unlikely to rinse the tool, empty dirty water, clear debris, and fully air-dry parts after each use, because the manual identifies that maintenance as necessary to limit odor, bacteria, and mold.

Integrity

The included formulas are more transparent than many proprietary cleaners. SharkNinja publishes safety data sheets and ingredient disclosures. Deep Clean Pro contains surfactants, ethanol, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, fragrance, and proprietary odor-control ingredients. Its safety data sheet classifies the concentrate as a skin and serious-eye irritant. OXY Multiplier contains 3 to 7 percent hydrogen peroxide and is not classified as hazardous as sold, but its safety sheet recommends gloves, eye protection, ventilation, and prompt first aid after exposure. The formula disclosures report no intentionally identified PFAS, PBT, vPvB, or endocrine-disrupting chemicals. That is not equivalent to an independent safer-chemistry certification. No EPA Safer Choice certification was located. The safety sheets also identify aquatic concerns for ingredients in both concentrates and direct users not to release waste to sewers, drains, or waterways. The manual's rinse-and-air-dry instructions for tanks, filters, hose, and pet tool are important hygiene controls.

Tineco Carpet One Spot Cleaner DualHeat
#2 - Hot Deal

Tineco Carpet One Spot Cleaner DualHeat

Buyer Score 97/100Integrity Score 71/100Tineco

Overview

This is a corded portable spot cleaner for carpets, upholstery, stairs, vehicle interiors, pet beds, curtains, mattresses, and some hard nonporous surfaces with its squeegee cover. The retail listing specifies a 1.2-liter capacity, 1.5-meter hose, 120-volt power, and a supplied carpet-cleaning solution plus pre-treat formula. Its defining features are manufacturer-stated rather than independently tested. The listing states that it applies 158°F water or 212°F steam, uses 17 kPa suction, and has six wash and dry modes. It also claims a roughly three-minute drying mode with heated air. No independent cleaning-residue test, residual-moisture report, or model-specific Carpet and Rug Institute certification was located. A product-specific manual and a traceable electrical certification record were also not located during this review.

What works

  • The listed 1.2-liter capacity and 1.5-meter hose suit localized cleaning without moving a full-size extractor.
  • Six manufacturer-stated modes separate cool, warm, steam, boosted-steam, soft-dry, and max-dry use cases.
  • The included pre-treat formula has a published US safety data sheet with first-aid directions and hazard information.
  • Tineco US provides a two-year warranty program for its products.

What does not

  • No independent results were located for embedded-soil removal, cleaning residue, or claimed three-minute drying.
  • No current model-specific Carpet and Rug Institute, EPA Safer Choice, UL, or ETL listing was located for this product.
  • The included pre-treat formula is classified in its US safety data sheet as causing serious eye irritation.
  • The broad kids-and-pets safety wording needs qualification because the kit includes a steam function and an eye-irritating pre-treat formula.
  • No product-specific service manual or replacement-parts catalog was located, limiting assessment of hose, pump, seal, and tool repairability.

Who is it for

This product fits a household that needs a portable, corded machine for occasional fresh spills and small stained areas on water-cleanable carpet or upholstery. Its 1.5-meter hose, supplied tools, and stated six cleaning and drying modes are practical for stairs, vehicle seats, pet beds, and furniture where a large upright extractor is inconvenient. It is most appropriate for an owner willing to follow fabric care labels, keep children and pets away while steam and chemicals are in use, empty and dry the machine after cleaning, and treat the fast-dry claim as unverified.

Who is it not for

It is not suited to delicate, wool, silk, antique, dry-clean-only, or unlabelled textiles. Tineco's own guidance for its earlier spot cleaner advises checking rug tags and limiting upholstery use to W or S/W cleaning codes. It also needs caution in homes where young children or pets could contact the hot tool, steam, or pre-treat liquid. Buyers needing independently verified carpet compatibility, measured extraction performance, a confirmed electrical listing for the exact unit, or documented replacement parts should choose a product with those records available.

Integrity

The included pre-treat formula has a US safety data sheet, which is a meaningful transparency strength. That document classifies it as causing serious eye irritation and directs users to wash after handling, use eye protection, and rinse eyes promptly after exposure. Keep the bottle secured and prevent contact with children and pets. The available product listing's broad kids-and-pets wording should not be read as permission for unsupervised access to the formula or steam-cleaning tool. Tineco has published a US safety data sheet for a carpet deodorizing and cleaning solution, but no current safer-chemistry certification was located for the bundled formulas. An older Carpet and Rug Institute listing for a Tineco in-tank solution expired on September 30, 2025, so it does not verify this current kit. No product-specific public parts catalog, recycling program, or resource-use test was located. Emptying, rinsing, and fully drying tanks, hose, and tools remains important to limit odor and microbial growth.

Dreame N20 Steam Carpet & Upholstery Cleaner
#3

Dreame N20 Steam Carpet & Upholstery Cleaner

Buyer Score 94/100Integrity Score 73/100dreame

Overview

This is a corded, portable spot extractor for carpets, small rugs, upholstery, stairs, car interiors, and selected hard surfaces. It has separate 1.2 L clean-water, 0.75 L used-water, and 0.6 L detergent tanks, plus a 1.5 m hose. The standard stain brush combines spray, brushing, and suction. Steam-only attachments are intended for hard-surface crevices and do not extract water. Dreame documents four modes, room-temperature wash, hot wash, steam wash, and steam. It also states 212°F steam, 158°F hot water, 17,000 Pa suction, and a one-button hose-flush routine. The company names third-party laboratory reports for suction and laboratory microbial and mite results, but the full reports, standardized embedded-soil results, residual-cleaner testing, and a current carpet-industry certification for this exact product were not publicly verifiable.

What works

  • The manual gives a concrete after-use hygiene routine, including flushing the hose, emptying and cleaning the used-water tank, cleaning tank filters, and storing the unit dry.
  • Separate clean-water, detergent, and used-water tanks limit direct mixing of recovered soil with fresh solution during use.
  • The manual gives meaningful material limits, including no steam use on unsealed wood, waxed surfaces, fragile stone, thin adhesive-backed carpet, leather, velvet, and other steam-sensitive materials.
  • Dreame identifies distinct cold-water, hot-water, and steam modes, which allows users to avoid heat on protein stains or heat-sensitive surfaces when following the instructions.
  • A one-year manufacturer warranty and a dedicated support page with the manual, FAQs, and troubleshooting are published for the product.

What does not

  • No current CRI Seal of Approval, published CRI soil-and-residue result, or full independent cleaning-performance report for this exact product was located.
  • No exact-model UL, ETL, CSA, EPA Safer Choice, or other traceable US third-party safety or carpet-compatibility certification was located in the checked records.
  • The compatible fabric-cleaning solution is sold as a dedicated product, but no public ingredient list, Safety Data Sheet, pH, fragrance disclosure, dilution ratio, or wastewater chemistry assessment was located.
  • The maker's stated 20-minute drying time and residual-moisture figure are in-house claims, not publicly available independent drying tests.
  • Steam and hot-water use introduce real scald and textile-damage risks. The manual warns against touching the nozzle or adjacent hot surfaces and requires checking fabric suitability before heated cleaning.

Who is it for

This product suits a household that mainly needs localized extraction for fresh spills and small stained areas on synthetic carpet, upholstery, stairs, vehicle interiors, or small rugs. It is most appropriate for a user willing to follow a maintenance routine after every session, including rinsing the hose, emptying the used-water tank, and drying accessible parts. The separate detergent tank and documented cold-water mode are useful for users who want controlled spot treatment rather than a whole-room carpet-cleaning machine.

Who is it not for

It is not suited to households that need independently verified whole-carpet soil removal, fast dry-time testing, or a carpet-maker-approved cleaning method for warranty-sensitive flooring. Avoid heated modes on wool, silk, leather, velvet, delicate synthetic fabrics, adhesive-backed thin carpet, unsealed wood, waxed finishes, and fragile stone. It is also a poor fit for users with fragrance or chemical sensitivities who need complete formula disclosure, or for anyone unable to handle hot steam safely around children, pets, and wet electrical environments.

Integrity

The product has useful documented operating safeguards, including grounded-outlet use, dry-hand instructions, warnings not to use a damaged cord, and warnings about steam scalding and hot nozzles. The manual also says to stop use after a drop, leak, or water exposure and seek authorized inspection. No matching CPSC recall or public unsafe-product record was located in the checked US searches. Its hygiene design is stronger than its chemical transparency. Dreame provides instructions to flush the hose, empty the used-water tank after use, clean filters, descale with its specified agent, and dry the product indoors. However, the dedicated fabric-cleaning solution lacks a publicly located ingredient disclosure or Safety Data Sheet, and no EPA Safer Choice listing was located. The manual includes end-of-life electronic-waste guidance for its European version, but no US take-back program or replacement-parts catalog for this product was located.

Bissell Little Green Portable Carpet Cleaner 1400B
#4

Bissell Little Green Portable Carpet Cleaner 1400B

Buyer Score 93/100Integrity Score 74/100Bissell

Overview

This is a corded portable spot extractor for small carpet, upholstery, stair, vehicle-interior, and pet-mess jobs. It uses a spray trigger, a hand tool with bristles, and suction to recover liquid into a separate dirty-water tank. BISSELL lists a 48-ounce clean-water tank, 3-amp power rating, 15-foot cord, 4-foot hose, and 9.65-pound weight. The box includes a trial-size OXY formula and cleaning tools, with exact accessories varying by unit. The current manual documents a grounded three-prong plug, a 140°F maximum water temperature, prescribed formula fill and water fill lines, and a rinseable dirty tank, tool lens, gasket, and hose-cleaning routine. The supplied Little Green OXY formula has a public ingredient list and safety data sheet. However, no applicable CRI listing or full independent carpet-soil-removal and dry-time report was located for this exact product.

What works

  • The manual provides specific wet-use safeguards, including a grounded plug requirement, indoor storage, no wet-hand handling, and instructions not to direct liquid toward electrical components.
  • Separate dirty-water tank, removable tool lens, removable duckbill gasket, and included hose-rinse procedure give users access to the areas most likely to retain contaminated water.
  • The supplied OXY formula has publicly available hazard and ingredient documents. Its safety data sheet identifies an eye-irritation hazard and gives first-aid, storage, and handling directions.
  • BISSELL documents replacement-oriented troubleshooting for the clean tank, dirty tank, tools, and hose, and provides a one-year limited warranty for defects in materials or workmanship.

What does not

  • Cleaning effectiveness claims are manufacturer claims. No full independent test report for embedded-soil removal, residue, or measured dry time was located for this product.
  • The brand's Pet Proven designation is an internal BISSELL program, not an independent safety, carpet-compatibility, or performance certification.
  • The OXY formula contains hydrogen peroxide and surfactants, is classified as an eye irritant, and includes fragrance. Keep it away from children and avoid eye contact.
  • The manual requires colorfastness testing on a hidden upholstery area and says not to use the product on silk or velvet. Incorrect formula, excess spraying, or incomplete extraction can leave moisture behind.

Who is it for

This product suits a household that needs a compact corded extractor for isolated spills, pet accidents, vehicle seats, stair treads, or a few upholstery cushions rather than whole-room cleaning. It is especially practical for a user willing to vacuum loose debris first, follow the fill lines, make extraction passes with the trigger released, and empty and rinse the dirty-water system immediately afterward. Buyers with a grounded outlet, indoor storage space, and a need for a 48-ounce portable tank fit the documented use case.

Who is it not for

It is not for cleaning an entire home of wall-to-wall carpet or for anyone who needs independently verified soil-removal, residue, or dry-time results for a warranty-sensitive textile. Avoid using it on silk or velvet, and do not use it on upholstery with an unknown care label until a hidden colorfastness test has dried. It also is not suitable for users unable to manage a corded appliance around water, follow grounded-outlet instructions, or promptly rinse and dry the tank, hose, tools, and gasket after dirty-water cleanup.

Integrity

The supplied Little Green OXY formula is more transparent than a formula with no public documentation. BISSELL publishes an ingredient list that names water, hydrogen peroxide, surfactants, sodium citrate, fragrance, and other functions. Its safety data sheet identifies hydrogen peroxide at no more than 3 percent and classifies the formula as an eye irritant. The sheet says respiratory protection is not required under normal use, but eye contact, ingestion, and use around children still require care. The formula sheet reports 0 percent VOC and the ingredient list states that BISSELL portable and upright deep-cleaner formulas contain no phosphates, dyes, optical brighteners, or heavy metals. Those are manufacturer statements, not a certification for this exact formula. No EPA Safer Choice, CRI, UL, or ETL listing was verified for this exact product. A 2026 CPSC recall concerns other BISSELL Steam Shot models, not this portable cleaner. Repair support is better documented than end-of-life recycling, with replaceable tanks, hose, tools, and a one-year limited warranty.

Eureka PowerSpeed Lightweight Upright Vacuum Cleaner
#5

Eureka PowerSpeed Lightweight Upright Vacuum Cleaner

Buyer Score 90/100Integrity Score 71/100Eureka

Overview

This is a corded, bagless upright vacuum for dry pickup on carpets and hard floors. Eureka lists a 1.9-liter dust cup, five height settings, a 7-foot hose, onboard upholstery, crevice, and dusting tools, and an 11.5-pound body. These are manufacturer-stated specifications. The owner’s guide confirms a washable filter screen, removable dust cup, brushroll, belt, and thermal shutoff. It is not a carpet shampooer or wet vacuum. The owner’s guide explicitly says not to use it on wet surfaces, while the catalog record labels it wet/dry. No model-specific CRI cleaning certification, independently published embedded-soil result, or traceable third-party electrical listing was located in the reviewed records. The manual also carries a California warning for styrene and bisphenol A.

What works

  • The dry-vacuum design avoids adding water to carpet, so it does not create cleaner-related dry-time or wastewater demands.
  • The owner’s guide documents a thermal cutoff for motor overheating and clear unplugging, cord, wet-hand, and blockage precautions.
  • Repair access is meaningful for this format. The manual gives brushroll and belt replacement steps, and a current parts catalog lists model-specific replacement components.
  • The large 1.9-liter dust cup and five height settings are manufacturer-stated features that can reduce interruption and help match the nozzle to floor type.

What does not

  • Independent, model-specific testing for embedded carpet-soil removal was not located, so deep-cleaning performance remains unverified.
  • No model-specific CRI, UL, ETL, CSA, or safer-chemistry certification could be matched in the reviewed issuer records.
  • The catalog’s wet/dry description conflicts with the owner’s guide, which says not to use the product on wet surfaces.
  • The manual carries a California warning for styrene and bisphenol A, without material-specific exposure amounts or a fuller exposure disclosure.
  • Emptying a bagless cup and shaking or rinsing its filter can expose the user to collected dust. The manual requires all rinsed parts to dry thoroughly before use.

Who is it for

It suits a household that needs routine dry pickup from mixed carpet and hard floors, wants a corded upright, and is willing to do basic maintenance. The documented removable cup, washable filter screen, accessible brushroll, and replaceable belt fit someone comfortable emptying dust into a bin and clearing hair or threads. It also fits users who need the included hose tools for upholstery, edges, vents, and other above-floor dry dusting. Its dry-only operation is useful where adding moisture to carpet is undesirable.

Who is it not for

It is not for cleaning spills, extracting stains, shampooing carpet, or any wet-surface task. The official guide specifically prohibits wet use, so buyers needing a carpet cleaner or wet/dry machine need a different appliance. It is also a weaker fit for households managing severe dust sensitivity, where the bagless emptying process and the absence of a verified model-specific sealed-filtration certification matter. Avoid using it on fragile textiles or wool when the carpet maker requires an approved cleaning method, since independent textile-compatibility evidence was not located.

Integrity

The most important safety finding is the dry-use limitation. This is an electrical vacuum, not a wet cleaner. Its guide says not to use it on wet surfaces or handle it with wet hands, and it instructs users to unplug before service. The guide also documents an overheat thermostat. However, a model-specific third-party electrical listing was not verified in the reviewed certification records. There is no cleaning solution, fragrance, or wastewater formula to assess, which limits chemical and aquatic exposure from normal use. The tradeoff is dry dust exposure when emptying the bagless cup or cleaning the filter. The guide carries a California Proposition 65 warning for styrene and bisphenol A. On waste reduction, the two-year limited warranty, repair instructions, and listed replacement parts support continued service, though normal-wear items such as belts and brushrolls are excluded from warranty coverage.

Shark NV360 Navigator Lift-Away Deluxe Vacuum
#6

Shark NV360 Navigator Lift-Away Deluxe Vacuum

Buyer Score 88/100Integrity Score 77/100Shark

Overview

This product is a corded, bagless upright dry vacuum, not a carpet shampooer or extractor. Shark lists a detachable Lift-Away pod, 25-foot cord, 5-foot hose, 0.9-quart dust cup, 9.5-inch cleaning path, 1,200-watt motor, and 15.96-pound weight. It is designed for carpet, hard floors, stairs, furniture, and other above-floor dry debris removal. Its defining practical feature is the detachable pod, which Shark states can be used for stairs and furniture. Shark also states that the sealed system uses a HEPA filter and that the brushroll can be switched off for bare floors. The owner guidance requires unplugging before service, avoiding liquids and wet areas, clearing blockages, and fully drying washed filters before refitting them. No model-specific independent carpet soil-removal report or current CRI Seal of Approval record was located.

What works

  • Dry-only operation leaves no cleaning-solution residue or wet carpet behind.
  • The detachable pod provides a documented way to clean stairs, furniture, and above-floor areas.
  • Brushroll shutoff is a manufacturer-stated control for moving from carpet to bare floors.
  • Shark currently lists compatible replacement foam, felt, HEPA filters, and a dust cup.
  • The product carries a five-year limited warranty from Shark.

What does not

  • This is not a carpet cleaner for washing stains, extracting spill water, or removing detergent residue.
  • No model-specific independent carpet-cleaning performance report or CRI certification record was located.
  • The HEPA and sealed-system allergen claims are manufacturer claims, not independently verified for this exact product in the records reviewed.
  • No public exact-model UL, ETL, or CSA listing was confirmed during this review, despite clear household electrical safety instructions.
  • At 1,200 watts, it has no documented area-per-kWh or cleaning-efficiency test result.

Who is it for

This product suits households that need routine dry pickup from carpets and hard floors, plus occasional cleaning on stairs, upholstery, and high surfaces. It is especially relevant where avoiding damp carpet is important, such as homes needing a quick dry-cleaning pass between deeper cleanings. Buyers should be comfortable emptying a bagless dust cup, rinsing filters when needed, waiting until filters are completely dry, and manually removing hair or debris from the brushroll.

Who is it not for

It is not for buyers seeking a true carpet cleaner for shampooing, stain treatment, detergent application, water extraction, or remediation after spills. It also is not appropriate for wet or damp surfaces, outdoors, or for vacuuming liquids. People with high allergen-control requirements should not treat the manufacturer-stated HEPA and sealed-system claims as a substitute for independently verified whole-machine filtration data. Users unable to maintain filters, clear clogs, or handle a nearly 16-pound upright should consider another format.

Integrity

This product uses no cleaning solution, water tank, or dirty-water tank in normal use. That avoids fragrance, surfactant, wastewater-disposal, prolonged-dampness, and dirty-tank microbial concerns associated with wet carpet cleaners. The manual instead warns against vacuuming liquids or using the product on wet or damp surfaces. Filters must be fully air-dried before reinstallation, which is important because liquid drawn into powered parts can create a safety hazard. The reviewed records did not establish an exact-product CRI, EPA Safer Choice, UL, ETL, or CSA certification. A CPSC recall located for Shark upright vacuums involved different Rotator models, not this product. For waste reduction, Shark offers compatible replacement filters and dust cup parts, and provides a five-year limited warranty. However, no published energy-per-area test, recycled-material claim, take-back program, or independently verified carpet-performance report was identified.

Eureka Airspeed Ultra-Lightweight Vacuum Cleaner, Green
#7

Eureka Airspeed Ultra-Lightweight Vacuum Cleaner, Green

Buyer Score 87/100Integrity Score 73/100Eureka

Overview

This product is a compact, corded upright dry vacuum for routine pickup from carpet and hard floors. It uses a bagless dust cup, a foam dust-cup filter, a rotating brush roll, a short hose, and onboard crevice and dusting tools. It is a dry vacuum, not a water-extraction carpet cleaner. The official owner guide specifically says not to use it on wet surfaces. The official guide documents a bottom-emptying dust cup, washable foam filter, removable cyclone, and user-replaceable brush roll and drive belt. It also requires the washed filter to dry for 24 hours before reinstallation. Independent standardized carpet soil-removal, cleaning-residue, residual-moisture, and carpet-compatibility results for this exact product were not located in the CRI sources reviewed. Its practical strengths are therefore maintainability and dry pickup, rather than verified deep-cleaning performance.

What works

  • Dry operation avoids leaving carpet damp after routine vacuuming.
  • The official guide provides access and replacement instructions for the brush roll and drive belt.
  • The dust cup, cyclone, and foam filter have documented cleaning procedures.
  • A polarized plug and detailed cord, heat, and wet-use warnings are documented in the official guide.

What does not

  • No CRI listing or model-specific independent carpet cleaning test report was located, so embedded-soil and residue-removal performance is unproven.
  • This is not a wet carpet cleaner and cannot rinse spills, extract detergent residue, or perform water-based stain treatment.
  • The official guide carries a California warning for possible exposure to DEHP, without identifying the component, dose, or exposure pathway.
  • No exact-model UL, ETL, or CSA certification record was located in the certification directories reviewed.
  • The one-year limited warranty excludes normal-wear parts such as belts, brush-roll components, and filters.

Who is it for

This product suits someone needing a small, straightforward dry upright for regular pickup of dust, hair, and dry debris in an apartment, dorm, small home, or secondary cleaning area. It is also suited to a user comfortable with basic maintenance, including emptying the cup, rinsing and fully drying the foam filter, and clearing hair from the brush roll. Its documented replaceable belt and brush-roll design can be useful where simple owner servicing matters more than advanced filtration or wet extraction.

Who is it not for

It is not suited to buyers seeking a true carpet cleaner for spills, set-in stains, detergent-rinse removal, or deep extraction, because the product must not be used on wet surfaces. People with heightened concern about chemical exposure should note the California DEHP warning and the absence of component-specific exposure detail. It is also a weaker fit for households requiring independently verified carpet-safe performance, sealed HEPA filtration, or an exact-model third-party electrical certification record that can be readily traced in a public directory.

Integrity

The most important health point is that the official guide warns that the product can expose users to DEHP, a chemical listed by California for cancer and reproductive harm. The guide does not identify the component involved or quantify exposure. It also gives clear precautions against wet use, damaged cords, flammable liquids, hot belt pulleys, and servicing while plugged in. This is a dry vacuum, so it creates no dirty-water tank, wastewater stream, or carpet drying interval. Its foam filter can be hand-washed, but it must dry for 24 hours before reinstallation. The guide also documents replacement parts and owner procedures for the brush roll, belt, hose, tools, and filter, which can extend use. The warranty is limited to one year and excludes normal-wear components, so ongoing upkeep remains the owner's responsibility.

Uwant Carpet Cleaner Machine 18Kpa Portable
#8

Uwant Carpet Cleaner Machine 18Kpa Portable

Buyer Score 84/100Integrity Score 70/100uwant

Overview

The UWANT Y100 is a corded, room-temperature-water spot extractor for small carpet, upholstery, vehicle, pet-bed, mattress, and curtain stains. It sprays solution, agitates with an attachment, then vacuums the liquid into a separate dirty-water section. UWANT lists 18,000 Pa suction, a 600 W motor, 40.6 fl oz clean and dirty tanks, a 5.25-foot hose, a 14.76-foot cord, and a 7.5-pound unit weight. The most distinctive documented design feature is its manufacturer-stated one-touch flushing cycle for the hose and brush head. UWANT also states that a textile or pet-focused cleaning solution may be bundled, depending on the selected package. No model-specific independent cleaning, residual-moisture, carpet-appearance, electrical-certification, or safer-chemistry result was located in the checked certification and testing sources.

What works

  • The compact 7.5-pound, corded format is manufacturer-stated and suited to carrying between small spill sites.
  • Manufacturer-stated 40.6 fl oz clean and dirty tanks can reduce interruptions during localized cleaning.
  • UWANT documents a dedicated one-touch flushing accessory for the hose and brush head, which can make post-use rinse-out easier.
  • A one-year manufacturer warranty is published for the product.

What does not

  • No independent, model-specific carpet soil-removal or cleaning-residue test report was located.
  • No exact-model listing was located in the checked CRI, UL, Intertek ETL, CSA, or EPA Safer Choice records.
  • The bundled pet-focused and textile solutions lack a public ingredient list, safety data sheet, dilution instructions, and aquatic-safety documentation in the reviewed UWANT materials.
  • UWANT makes numerical cleaning-efficiency and drying claims, but does not publish the test method, comparison conditions, or full results.
  • No model-specific carpet-fiber compatibility, dye-transfer, residual-moisture, repair manual, or replacement-parts catalog was located.

Who is it for

This product fits someone managing occasional, localized spills on synthetic carpet, upholstered furniture, car seats, or pet bedding, especially where carrying a full-size extractor would be inconvenient. The manufacturer-stated 7.5-pound body, 5.25-foot hose, and 14.76-foot cord support work around a couch or vehicle without moving a large machine. It also suits users willing to flush the system after each use, empty dirty water promptly, and test an inconspicuous fabric area before treating a visible stain.

Who is it not for

It is not well documented for households needing independently verified cleaning performance, certified electrical wet-use protection, or a fully disclosed cleaning formula. Avoid relying on the bundled solution around chemically sensitive people, pets that contact damp textiles, or children until the bottle label and safety information are reviewed. It is also a poor fit for wool, silk, antique, color-unstable, warranty-sensitive, or heavily soiled broadloom carpet because no model-specific compatibility or residual-moisture evidence was located. Large-area cleaning will require repeated spot-treatment passes and tank handling.

Integrity

The Y100 uses room-temperature water rather than a heated or steam mode, so this version does not add the burn exposure associated with hot-water extractors. UWANT provides basic electrical specifications and a wet-cleaning format, but no exact-product certification was found in the checked UL, Intertek ETL, CSA, or CRI directories. No product-specific CPSC recall or regulatory warning was located in the checked public sources as of September 6, 2026. That absence is not an independent safety certification. Its reusable tanks, attachments, and hose-flushing accessory can reduce disposable cleaning-wipe use and help remove trapped dirty water when used after each session. However, the manufacturer does not publish a full ingredient disclosure or safety data sheet for the bundled textile or pet-focused solutions, nor a safer-chemistry certification, disposal guidance, water-coverage figure, or repair-parts catalog. Empty tanks promptly, rinse the hose and tools, leave them open to dry, and avoid treating the pet-safe claim as proof of low exposure risk.

LEVOIT Cordless Vacuum Cleaner, Tangle-Resistant, 50 Min Runtime
#9

LEVOIT Cordless Vacuum Cleaner, Tangle-Resistant, 50 Min Runtime

Buyer Score 82/100Integrity Score 73/100Levoit

Overview

This product is a battery-powered, dry cordless stick vacuum, not a water-extraction carpet cleaner. It uses a 22.2V, 2200mAh removable lithium-ion battery, a 0.75 L dust bin, a motorized floor head, and crevice and pet tools. Levoit specifies three power levels and up to 30 minutes with the floor head in Eco mode, or up to 50 minutes with an attachment in Eco mode. The manufacturer documents a removable dust bin, washable filters, and a removable roller brush. It also states that its five-stage filtration captures 99.9% of particles down to 0.3 microns under ASTM F1977-22 testing. No independent Carpet and Rug Institute certification or model-specific third-party carpet soil-removal report was located. The product must not be used on wet surfaces or to collect water or liquids.

What works

  • The dry-vacuum design avoids adding water, detergent, and cleaning-solution residue to carpet.
  • The manual provides specific maintenance steps for emptying the bin, rinsing removable bin parts, washing filters, and fully drying them before reassembly.
  • The battery, dust bin, filters, and roller brush are removable, and the roller brush can be accessed for hair removal.
  • Levoit provides a two-year limited warranty for defects in materials and workmanship when used as instructed.
  • Levoit states that its five-stage filtration was tested to ASTM F1977-22 for particle capture, although the full test report was not located.

What does not

  • It is not a carpet shampooer or extractor. It cannot remove wet spills, wash fibers, or recover cleaning solution.
  • No Carpet and Rug Institute Seal of Approval listing or independent model-specific embedded-carpet-soil test report was located.
  • No traceable UL, ETL, or CSA listing for this exact product was located in the reviewed certification sources.
  • The product page carries a California Proposition 65 warning for lead. It does not identify the component, exposure route, or exposure level.
  • Filters need regular washing and complete drying. The manual warns that absorbed water can allow mold growth in filters.

Who is it for

This product suits someone seeking a lightweight dry vacuum for frequent pickup of crumbs, pet hair, and loose debris on hard floors, rugs, low-pile carpet, upholstery, stairs, and cars. It is particularly suited to homes that can maintain the filters, empty the 0.75 L bin before it overfills, and allow washed parts to dry fully. The removable battery and wall storage are practical where a corded machine is inconvenient and dry maintenance cleaning, rather than washing or stain extraction, is the goal.

Who is it not for

It is not for households needing a true carpet cleaner for tracked-in soil, stains, pet accidents, or wet spills. The manual expressly prohibits wet-surface and liquid pickup, so it should not substitute for an extractor or wet-dry vacuum. Buyers who require independently verified carpet soil removal, certified carpet compatibility, or a traceable electrical-safety listing for the exact product should seek equipment with those records. Extra caution is appropriate for people trying to minimize potential lead exposure because of the product's Proposition 65 warning.

Integrity

This is a dry appliance, so it does not use detergent, generate cleaning-solution wastewater, or leave moisture in carpet during normal use. That reduces residue and prolonged dampness concerns associated with shampooing. It is not suitable for wet contamination, however, and the manual specifically prohibits vacuuming water or liquids. The removable bin, metal filter, pre-motor filters, post-motor filter, roller brush, and battery support routine maintenance and some part-level replacement. Levoit directs users to wash filters and let them dry completely, and notes that absorbed water can cause filter mold. The battery must be removed before disposal and must not be placed in fire, water, or soil. The product page also carries a California Proposition 65 warning for lead, without identifying the exposure pathway or amount. No model-specific CRI carpet certification or traceable UL, ETL, or CSA listing was located during verification.

Labigo Carpet & Upholstery Cleaner 18Kpa
#10

Labigo Carpet & Upholstery Cleaner 18Kpa

Buyer Score 79/100Integrity Score 70/100LABIGO

Overview

This is a corded portable spot cleaner for carpets, rugs, upholstery, stairs, vehicle interiors, and other non-removable fabric surfaces. An independently hosted manual identifies a 1.8 L clean-water tank, 650 mL dirty-water tank, 3.28-foot hose, brush tool, crevice nozzle, and 9.84-foot power cord. It is designed to spray diluted low-foam carpet solution, manually agitate the area, then extract the liquid. The product listing and manual state 18 kPa suction and a hose self-cleaning function, but no applicable independent cleaning test, residual-moisture test, or CRI equipment record was located for this exact product. The manual provides useful dirty-water care steps, including emptying, rinsing, hose flushing, and complete drying. Exact-model UL, ETL, CSA, EPA Safer Choice, and CRI certification records were not located in the checked public directories.

What works

  • Documented separate clean and recovery tanks can help avoid reapplying extracted dirty water.
  • The published care procedure tells users to rinse tanks, flush the hose, clean tools, and dry components before storage.
  • The 1.8 L clean-water tank can reduce refill interruptions during a session, according to the independently hosted manual.
  • The manual specifies low-foam carpet formulas, which is relevant because excessive foam can escape from air vents.

What does not

  • Cleaning claims for embedded or old set-in soil are unproven by an identified independent carpet-cleaning test.
  • No exact-product CRI, UL, ETL, CSA, or EPA Safer Choice certification record was located in the checked public registries.
  • No cleaning formula, ingredient list, Safety Data Sheet, dilution limits, or fragrance disclosure was identified for this product.
  • The manual directs manual brushing for difficult stains, and the short hose requires keeping the base close to the work area.

Who is it for

This product fits a household needing a compact corded machine for occasional, contained spills on synthetic rugs, fabric furniture, stairs, or car upholstery. It is especially relevant for users who can place the unit near the cleaning area, use a low-foam formula according to that formula's label, and promptly rinse and dry the tanks, hose, brush, and seals. The larger clean-water tank is useful when several small spots need attention in one session.

Who is it not for

It is not suited to buyers who need independently verified removal of embedded soil, measured dry times, or documented carpet-warranty compatibility. Households managing fragrance sensitivity, asthma, pet chemical exposure concerns, or wastewater chemistry concerns need a fully identified cleaning formula with ingredient and hazard documents, which were not located. It is also a poor fit for large whole-room cleaning, delicate wool or dye-sensitive textiles, or situations where a certified wet-use electrical product is required.

Integrity

The most practical health feature is the published maintenance routine. It calls for emptying and rinsing the dirty-water tank, flushing the hose, removing debris from brushes, cleaning seals, and allowing parts to dry fully before reassembly. These steps can reduce stale-water odor and residue buildup when followed consistently. The manual also warns users to unplug before maintenance, avoid immersion, use recommended cleaning solutions, and avoid flammable materials. Important evidence gaps remain. No exact-product electrical listing was located in the checked UL, ETL, or CSA resources, and no CRI record or independent cleaning and drying report was located. The product is sold without an identified formula in the available material, so ingredients, fragrance, hazards, aquatic profile, and disposal guidance cannot be assessed. A one-year manufacturer-stated warranty was found, but no replacement-parts catalog, repair manual, or take-back program was identified.